Тепловое измерение и его применение для диагностики масляных трансформаторов распределительных сетей

In the first part of the paper the theory of infrared radiation and the use of nondestructive measurement of electrical devices by means of thermovision are under analysis. In the second part of paper basic principles and application of non-contact temperature measurement are examined. In the third part of paper thermal processes in distribution oil transformer – temperature in dependence on height of oil transformer and temperature distribution in sectional plan of oil transformer – are considered. In the fourth part of paper, by means of the experimental measurements and subsequent analysis, practical thermal imaging and contact thermal measurements by optical detectors for the diagnosis of distribution oil transformers in the field of mechanical strength of windings are shown. In this paper, we wanted to show out the possibility of using thermal measurements in this field of analysis and detection of quality of winding for distribution oil transformer. It is possible to use these methods to localize places of faults, and they are also applicable for the diagnosis and detection of disorders of the quality of materials and other anomalies during operation of the equipment. By means of the experimental measurements followed by diagnostic analysis the practical use of thermovision and optical sensors for diagnostics of power oil transformers in field mechanical strength and quality of winding is demonstrated.Cтатья посвящена анализу теории инфракрасного излучения и применения неразрушающего контроля с помощью электрических приборов и тепловизионного оборудования. Изложены основные принципы использования бесконтактного измерения температуры. Проанализированы тепловые процессы в силовом масляном трансформаторе: температура в зависимости от его высоты и распределение температуры в секционном плане масляного трансформатора. Рассмотрены экспериментальные тепловизионное и контактные тепловые измерения оптическими детекторами для диагностики механической прочности обмоток силовых масляных трансформаторов. Также показана возможность использования тепловых измерений для анализа и определения качества обмотки масляного трансформатора. Эти методы позволяют локализовать места неисправностей и могут использоваться для диагностики и выявления нарушений качества материалов и других аномалий в ходе эксплуатации оборудования. Путем экспериментальных измерений с последующим анализом определено практическое применение тепловизионных и оптических датчиков для диагностики силовых масляных трансформаторов в части механической прочности и качества обмоток

Диагностика частотной области изоляции трансформатора

The first part of paper deals with the base information about diagnostics of power transformers. In this part are presented differently insulating methods, for example method of recovery voltage method, method of polarization and depolarization currents and chromatographic analysis. The second part of paper deals use of method of frequency domain spectroscopy for oil power transformers. This method is used in analysis insulating condition of power transformer with system of oil-paper. It was found, that the results of these tests are highly impacted by the operating temperature during the experimental measurement. Moisture and conductivity between insulating paper and oil in an insulating system are highly dependent from temperature. In the other part, the paper presents experimental results of the frequency diagnostic measurement for a real single-phase traction transformer 110/27 kV at different operating temperatures and states (with oil and without). Finally in the last part, the paper presents comparing frequency insulating measurements among several the same single-phase transformers 110/27 kV

Диагностика частотной области изоляции трансформатора

The first part of paper deals with the base information about diagnostics of power transformers. In this part are presented differently insulating methods, for example method of recovery voltage method, method of polarization and depolarization currents and chromatographic analysis.The second part of paper deals use of method of frequency domain spectroscopy for oil power transformers. This method is used in analysis insulating condition of power transformer with system of oil-paper. It was found, that the results of these tests are highly impacted by the operating temperature during the experimental measurement. Moisture and conductivity between insulating paper and oil in an insulating system are highly dependent from temperature.In the other part, the paper presents experimental results of the frequency diagnostic measurement for a real single-phase traction transformer 110/27 kV at different operating temperatures and states (with oil and without).Finally in the last part, the paper presents comparing frequency insulating measurements among several the same single-phase transformers 110/27 kV.В первой части статьи приведены базовые сведения о методах диагностики силовых трансформаторов. В этой части представлены различные методы исследования изоляции, в частности, метод восстановления напряжения, метод токов поляризации и деполяризации и метод хроматографического анализа.Во второй части статьи рассмотрено использование метода частотной спектроскопии для масляных силовых трансформаторов. Данный метод использован для анализа состояния изоляции силовых трансформаторов с системой масло-бумага. Определено, что на результаты такого анализа значительное влияние оказывает температура окружающей среды при проведении измерений. Влажность и проводимость между бумажной изоляцией и маслом существенно зависят от температуры.Далее в статье приведены экспериментальные результаты диагностических частотных измерений для однофазного тягового трансформатора 110/27 кВ при различных значениях температуры окружающей среды и в различных состояниях (с маслом и без масла).В завершающей части статьи выполнено сравнение результатов частотных измерений нескольких однотипных однофазных трансформаторов 110/27 кВ

Pseudo electron-deficient organometallics: limited reactivity towards electron-donating ligands

YesHalf-sandwich metal complexes are of considerable interest in medicine, material, and nanomaterial chemistry. The design of libraries of such complexes with particular reactivity and properties is therefore a major quest. Here, we report the unique and peculiar reactivity of eight apparently 16-electron half-sandwich metal (ruthenium, osmium, rhodium, and iridium) complexes based on benzene-1,2-dithiolato and 3,6-dichlorobenzene-1,2-dithiolato chelating ligands. These electron-deficient complexes do not react with electron-donor pyridine derivatives, even with the strong σ-donor 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) ligand. The Ru, Rh, and Ir complexes accept electrons from the triphenylphosphine ligand (σ-donor, π-acceptor), whilst the Os complexes were found to be the first examples of non-electron-acceptor electron-deficient metal complexes. We rationalized these unique properties by a combination of experimental techniques and DFT/TDFT calculations. The synthetic versatility offered by this family of complexes, the low reactivity at the metal center, and the facile functionalization of the non-innocent benzene ligands is expected to allow the synthesis of libraries of pseudo electron-deficient half-sandwich complexes with unusual properties for a large range of applications

High-freqeuncy analysis of three-winding autotransformers 400/121/34 kV

This article deals with a description of methods of an experimental analysis concerning the actual condition of windings and magnetic circuit of the autotransformer, which is required in power transmission companies all over the world

Technológia LONWORKS a jej využitie pri monitorovaní teploty výkonových transformátorov

LONWORKS (Lokálne Operačné Siete) sú využiteľné v mnohých aplikáciách, od realizácie technológií inteligentných budov, až po priemyselnú automatizáciu. Princíp LONWORKS spočíva v tom, že do každého snímača sa zabuduje maličký inteligentný obvod tzv. neurónový čip. Z obyčajného snímača sa tak stane inteligentný snímač. LONWORKS sú dátovo orientované siete. To znamená, že nikto nikomu nevysiela pokyny. Stačí definovať množinu sieťových premenných (tlaky, teploty,...) a všetky významné zmeny hodnôt týchto premenných sa v sieti šíria automaticky. Každá zmena sieťovej premennej sa automaticky sieťou distribuuje k tým uzlom alebo zariadeniam, ktoré o zmene potrebujú byť informované. LONWORKS boli vyvinuté preto, aby uľahčili integráciu zariadení od rôznych výrobcov tak jednoducho, ako je len možné

The Application of the Theory of Synthesis of a Delay Line with a Surface Acoustic Wave for a Single-Mode Oscillator of Electric Signals in Some Sensors of Non-Electrical Quantities

The paper deals with the issue of constructing delay lines on the basis of surface acoustic waves and their application to single-mode oscillators. As a result of a theoretical analysis concrete delay lines are proposed. In the contribution, there is presented a theory of designing a symmetrical mismatched and matched delay line for a single-mode oscillator of electrical signals on the basis of which there were designed and fabricated acoustic-electronic components for sensors of non-electrical quantities. From the experimental results it can be stated that all of six designed and fabricated delay lines can be effectively used in the construction of single-mode oscillators

Тепловое измерение и его применение для диагностики масляных трансформаторов распределительных сетей

In the first part of the paper the theory of infrared radiation and the use of non-destructive measurement of electrical devices by means of thermovision are under analysis. In the second part of paper basic principles and application of non-contact temperature measurement are examined. In the third part of paper thermal processes in distribution oil transformer – temperature in dependence on height of oil transformer and temperature distribution in sectional plan of oil transformer – are considered. In the fourth part of paper, by means of the experimental measurements and subsequent analysis, practical thermal imaging and contact thermal measurements by optical detectors for the diagnosis of distribution oil transformers in the field of mechanical strength of windings are shown. In this paper, we wanted to show out the possibility of using thermal measurements in this field of analysis and detection of quality of winding for distribution oil transformer. It is possible to use these methods to localize places of faults, and they are also applicable for the diagnosis and detection of disorders of the quality of materials and other anomalies during operation of the equipment. By means of the experimental measurements followed by diagnostic analysis the practical use of thermovision and optical sensors for diagnostics of power oil transformers in field mechanical strength and quality of winding is demonstrated

Analiza mechanicznych oddziaływań sił zwarciowych na transformatory

This paper is focused on analysis of mechanical effects on transformers. The analysis was performed by means of a DST system. Transformer manufacturers can use this system for the quality check of their products, repair companies for repairing advantageousness evaluation and measurement of transformer new parameters after the repair. If the DST is included in the entrance firm control, it is possible by means of it to verify the parameters given in the transcript of the new transformer measurement supplied by its manufacturer.W artykule przedstawiono wyniki nowoczesnej analizy mechanicznych oddziaływań na transformatory sił zwarciowych, którą wykonano za pomocą systemu DST. Producenci transformatorów energetycznych mogą wykorzystać ten system do kontroli jakości nowych jednostek, natomiast zakłady naprawcze do zawansowanej oceny stanu technicznego i uzyskania nowych parametrów bazowych po naprawach i kapitalnych remontach. System DST może być stosowany do kontroli stanu transformatorów energetycznych użytkowanych prze spółki dystrybucyjne. Ma to szczególne znaczenie podczas dokonywania decyzji remontowych oraz wymianie starszych jednostek. W artykule przedstawiono teorię powstawania sił podczas zwarć w transformatorach i opisano składowe oraz koncepcję zaprezentowanego systemu DST. Wykorzystywane pomiary do diagnostyki transformatorów to: pomiary rezystancji uzwojeń z analizą czasową napięcia, pomiary napięcia indukowanego, pomiary przekładni, pomiary zwarciowe, SFRA (Sweep Frequency Response Analysis), pomiary rezystancji izolacji. W artykule wymieniono zalety systemu DST, ze zwróceniem szczególnej uwagi na metodę SFRA, przydatnej w diagnostyce eksploatacyjnej z długoterminowego punktu widzenia

Automatizovaný merací systém a jeho aplikácia v skúšobníctve VN

V tomto článku sú popísané základné vlastnosti sériového prenosu dát a ich využitie v číslicovom meracom systéme a v skúšobníctve